Practical guideline on obesity care in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases - Joint ESPEN/UEG guideline.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic gastrointestinal disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), pancreatitis, and chronic liver disease (CLD) often suffer from obesity because of coincidence (IBD, IBS, celiac disease) or related pathophysiology (GERD, pancreatitis and CLD). It is unclear if such patients need a particular diagnostic and treatment that differs from the needs of lean gastrointestinal patients. The present guideline addresses this question according to current knowledge and evidence. OBJECTIVE: The present practical guideline is intended for clinicians and practitioners in general medicine, gastroenterology, surgery and other obesity management, including dietitians and focuses on obesity care in patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases. METHODS: The present practical guideline is the shortened version of a previously published scientific guideline developed according to the standard operating procedure for ESPEN guidelines. The content has been re-structured and transformed into flow-charts that allow a quick navigation through the text. RESULTS: In 100 recommendations (3× A, 33× B, 24 × 0, 40× GPP, all with a consensus grade of 90% or more) care of gastrointestinal patients with obesity - including sarcopenic obesity - is addressed in a multidisciplinary way. A particular emphasis is on CLD, especially metabolic associated liver disease, since such diseases are closely related to obesity, whereas liver cirrhosis is rather associated with sarcopenic obesity. A special chapter is dedicated to obesity care in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The guideline focuses on adults, not on children, for whom data are scarce. Whether some of the recommendations apply to children must be left to the judgment of the experienced pediatrician. CONCLUSION: The present practical guideline offers in a condensed way evidence-based advice how to care for patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases and concomitant obesity, an increasingly frequent constellation in clinical practice.

Compliance with a high-protein and energy-dense oral nutritional supplement in patients with disease-related malnutrition: a randomized open-label crossover trial.

Introduction: Patient compliance with oral nutritional supplements (ONS) is not optimal for meeting energy and nutritional requirements in a high proportion of patients with disease-related malnutrition (DRM). Energy density or prescribed volume of ONS may impact compliance. Methods: A randomized, open-label crossover trial was conducted in outpatients with DRM to compare compliance with a high energy-dense ONS (edONS, 2.4 kcal/mL) and a reference ONS (heONS, 2.0 kcal/mL; NCT05609006). Patients were randomly assigned to two 8-week treatment sequences of four-weeks periods: edONS + heONS (sequence A) or heONS + edONS (sequence B). Patients daily reported the amount of product left over gastrointestinal tolerance and satisfaction with ONS. A non-inferiority analysis was performed to compare the compliance rate (percentage of consumed energy over the prescribed) for each period and sequence. Results: Fifty-three patients were assigned to sequence A and 50 to sequence B (55.7 ± 13.9 years, 37.0% female, 67.1% oncology patients). In sequence A, the compliance rates were 88.6% ± 14.3% vs. 84.1 ± 21.8% (p = 0.183), while in sequence B, they were 78.9% ± 23.8% vs. 84.4% ± 21.4% (p < 0.01). In both sequences, the lower range of the confidence interval for compliance with edONS was greater than the non-inferiority threshold (for sequence A ΔCompA was 4.5% [95% CI, -2.0% to 10.0%], and for sequence, B ΔCompB was 5.6% [95% CI, -3.0% to 14.0%]). The total discarded cost for each ONS was higher for heONS than edONS, being the difference statistically significant in sequence B. BMI increased slightly and not significantly in both sequences, and the percentage of patients with severe malnutrition was reduced. The frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms was low for both sequences, and satisfaction with ONS was slightly higher for edONS. Conclusion: Our findings highlight that edONS was non-inferior to heONS in terms of consumed energy over the prescribed, with a lower amount of edONS discarded, which suggests a higher efficiency of edONS.

New approaches in the nutritional treatment of advanced chronic kidney disease.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) have a high prevalence of malnutrition. The dietary restrictions that we usually apply in terms of macro and micronutrients force our patients to follow dietary guidelines that deviate from healthy patterns. OBJETIVES: To determine if a personalized nutritional intervention program, minimizing the usual restrictions would be justified in case it improved the evolution of kidney disease compared to standard treatment. SECUNDARY OBJETIVES: To determine changes in nutrient intakes and in anthropometric and biochemical parameters, as well as quantify episodes of hyperkalemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single-center, randomized and controlled educational intervention clinical trial was conduct in patients from the ERCA outpatients clinic at the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. 75 patients were included, assigning 35 to a Control group and 40 to the Intervention group with 1-year follow-up. The nutritional status was determined using anthropometric data, body composition by Bioimpedance, blood and urine biochemical parameters and a 24-h recall questionnaire. The nutritional intervention was carried out in three different ways: individual, collective and telephone recall. RESULTS: At the beginning of the study, the BMI showed a situation of weight excess with a mean of 28.83 kg/m2 (5.4) in men and 26.96 kg/m2 (4.09) in women. 70% of our patients had overweight. The abdominal circumference was 105.3 cm (10.2) and 92.3 cm (13.7) for men and women respectively without significant changes throughout the study. The percentage of fat mass (FM) was high in both groups for men and women throughout the study. We did not find biochemical parameters of malnutrition and only significant differences were observed in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which increased in the intervention group. No patient presented any episodes of hyperkalemia during the study. The energy intake in both groups showed an inadequate distribution of macronutrients with a poor intake of carbohydrates (CH) that was supplemented with an excess of fat. In the case of micronutrients, we did observe an increase in potassium and fiber intakes with a decrease in sodium and phosphorus in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition is not exclusively an intake defficit and encompasses both the problems derived from a deficit and an excess of nutrients intake. Un to 70% of our patients showed weight excess and a fat mass higher than desirable. The implementation of an individualized nutritional education program, including a vegetables and fiber rich diet, less atherogenic, not only did not cause electrolyte alterations but also slowed the progression of kidney disease.

European guideline on obesity care in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases - Joint ESPEN/UEG guideline.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), pancreatitis, and chronic liver disease (CLD) often suffer from obesity because of coincidence (IBD, IBS, celiac disease) or related pathophysiology (GERD, pancreatitis and CLD). It is unclear if such patients need a particular diagnostic and treatment that differs from the needs of lean GI patients. The present guideline addresses this question according to current knowledge and evidence. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the guideline is to give advice to all professionals working in the field of gastroenterology care including physicians, surgeons, dietitians and others how to handle patients with GI disease and obesity. METHODS: The present guideline was developed according to the standard operating procedure for ESPEN guidelines, following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) grading system (A, B, 0, and good practice point (GPP)). The procedure included an online voting (Delphi) and a final consensus conference. RESULTS: In 100 recommendations (3x A, 33x B, 24x 0, 40x GPP, all with a consensus grade of 90% or more) care of GI patients with obesity - including sarcopenic obesity - is addressed in a multidisciplinary way. A particular emphasis is on CLD, especially fatty liver disease, since such diseases are closely related to obesity, whereas liver cirrhosis is rather associated with sarcopenic obesity. A special chapter is dedicated to obesity care in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The guideline focuses on adults, not on children, for whom data are scarce. Whether some of the recommendations apply to children must be left to the judgment of the experienced pediatrician. CONCLUSION: The present guideline offers for the first time evidence-based advice how to care for patients with chronic GI diseases and concomitant obesity, an increasingly frequent constellation in clinical practice.

European guideline on obesity care in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases - Joint European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism / United European Gastroenterology guideline.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), pancreatitis, and chronic liver disease (CLD) often suffer from obesity because of coincidence (IBD, IBS, celiac disease) or related pathophysiology (GERD, pancreatitis and CLD). It is unclear if such patients need a particular diagnostic and treatment that differs from the needs of lean GI patients. The present guideline addresses this question according to current knowledge and evidence. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the guideline is to give advice to all professionals working in the field of gastroenterology care including physicians, surgeons, dietitians and others how to handle patients with GI disease and obesity. METHODS: The present guideline was developed according to the standard operating procedure for European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism guidelines, following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network grading system (A, B, 0, and good practice point [GPP]). The procedure included an online voting (Delphi) and a final consensus conference. RESULTS: In 100 recommendations (3x A, 33x B, 24x 0, 40x GPP, all with a consensus grade of 90% or more) care of GI patients with obesity - including sarcopenic obesity - is addressed in a multidisciplinary way. A particular emphasis is on CLD, especially fatty liver disease, since such diseases are closely related to obesity, whereas liver cirrhosis is rather associated with sarcopenic obesity. A special chapter is dedicated to obesity care in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The guideline focuses on adults, not on children, for whom data are scarce. Whether some of the recommendations apply to children must be left to the judgment of the experienced pediatrician. CONCLUSION: The present guideline offers for the first time evidence-based advice how to care for patients with chronic GI diseases and concomitant obesity, an increasingly frequent constellation in clinical practice.

[Talent and competencies in clinical nutrition]. / Talento y competencias en la nutrición clínica.

Introduction: The formation of medical students in clinical nutrition is scattered throughout the curriculum and is insufficient in many cases. This article reviews the status of nutrition in the curriculum, giving some keys for an effective inclusion therein. Also, basic concepts regarding talent are explained from a practical point of view, and the importance of talent in clinical nutrition and how to work with talent is discussed.

Introducción: La formación en nutrición clínica de los estudiantes de medicina está disgregada a lo largo de la carrera y es insuficiente en muchos casos. En este artículo se revisa la situación de la nutrición en los planes de estudio y se dan algunas claves para su inclusión de manera efectiva en el currículo. Además, se explican conceptos básicos relacionados con el talento, desde un punto de vista práctico, y se discute la importancia del talento en la nutrición clínica y cómo trabajarlo.

[Parenteral nutrition-associated complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection]. / Complicaciones asociadas a la nutrición parenteral en los enfermos con infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Introduction: Background: it is unknown whether patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19 are at greater risk of developing complications associated with parenteral nutrition (PN). Aim: to describe the incidence, risk factors, and clinical impact of complications in patients with ARDS-COVID-19 receiving PN. Methods: a prospective cohort study of 87 patients with ARDS-COVID-19 infection. The incidence of complications and odds ratios of risk factors were analysed. Results: age ≥ 65 years (OR, 2.52, 95 % CI: 1.16 to 5.46), obesity (OR, 3.34, 95 % CI: 2.35 to 4.33) and treatment with propofol (OR, 2.45, 95 % CI: 1.55 to 3.35) or lopinavir/ritonavir (OR, 4.98, 95 % CI: 3.60 to 6.29) were risk factors for hipertriglyceridemia. Obesity (OR, 3.11, 95 % CI: 1.10 to 8.75), dyslipidemia (OR, 3.22, 95 % CI: 1.23 to 8.40) or treatment with propofol (OR, 5.47, 95 % CI: 1.97 to 15.1) were risk factors for intravascular catheter-related infection. No risk factors were described for hiperglycemia. Mortality was higher in patients with intravascular catheter-related infection (46.7 % vs 10.8 %, p = 0.014). Mortality risk was higher in older patients (OR, 2.74, 95 % CI: 1.08 to 6.95) or patients with intravascular catheter-related infection (OR, 3.22, 95 % CI: 1.23 to 8.40). Conclusions: the incidence of complications associated with PN in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS is frequent. The mortality risk is higher in older patients or those with catheter-related infection.

Introducción: Introducción: se desconoce si los pacientes diagnosticados de infección respiratoria aguda por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) presentan más riesgo de complicaciones asociadas a la nutrición parenteral (NP). Objetivo: conocer la incidencia, los factores de riesgo y la mortalidad de las complicaciones asociadas a la NP en esta población. Métodos: estudio de cohortes prospectivo de 87 pacientes diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Se analizan la tasa de incidencia de las complicaciones y las odds ratio (OR) de diferentes factores. Resultados: la edad ≥ 65 años (OR: 2,52, IC 95 %: 1,16 a 5,46), los antecedentes de obesidad (OR: 3,34, IC 95 %: 2,35 a 4,33) y el tratamiento con propofol (OR: 2,45, IC 95 %: 1,55 a 3,35) o lopinavir/ritonavir (OR: 4,98, IC 95 %: 3,60 a 6,29) se asociaron al desarrollo de hipertrigliceridemia. Los pacientes con obesidad (OR: 3,11, IC 95 %: 1,10 a 8,75) o dislipemia (OR: 3,22, IC 95 %: 1,23 a 8,40) y los tratados con propofol (OR: 5,47, IC 95 %: 1,97 a 15,1) presentaron mayor riesgo de infección asociada al catéter (IAC). No se observó ningún factor de riesgo relacionado con el desarrollo de hiperglucemia. La mortalidad fue mayor en los pacientes con IAC (46,7 % vs. 10,8 %, p = 0,014). El riesgo de mortalidad fue superior en los enfermos de ≥ 65 años (OR: 2,74, IC 95 %: 1,08 a 6,95) o con IAC (OR: 3,22, IC 95 %: 1,23 a 8,40). Conclusiones: la incidencia de complicaciones asociadas a la NP en pacientes diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2 es elevada. El riesgo de mortalidad es superior en los enfermos mayores de 65 años o con IAC.

Acute Hypertriglyceridemia in Patients with COVID-19 Receiving Parenteral Nutrition.

Hypertriglyceridemia is a metabolic complication associated with parenteral nutrition (PN). It is unknown if patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19 are more at risk. Our aim was to describe the incidence, risk factors and clinical impact of hypertriglyceridemia in critically ill patients with ARDS-COVID-19 receiving PN. We designed a cohort study of patients with ARDS-COVID-19 infection that required admission to critical care units and nutritional support with PN. Individual PN prescriptions for macronutrients and insulin were provided. Lipid emulsion contained fish oil (SMOFlipid® or Lipoplus®). Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as plasma levels above 400 mg/dL. Eighty-seven patients, 66.6% men, 60.1 ± 10.8 years old, BMI 29.1 ± 5.6 kg/m2, 71% of whom received lopinavir/ritonavir, 56% received Propofol and 55% received Tocilizumab were included. The incidence of hypertriglyceridemia was 37 × 100 patient-days with PN. This complication was more frequent in obese patients (OR 3.34; 95% CI, 2.35-4.33) and in those treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (OR 4.98; 95% CI, 3.60-6.29) or Propofol (OR 2.45; 95% CI, 1.55-3.35). Total mortality was 33.3%, similar between the type of lipid emulsion (p = 0.478). On average, patients with hypertriglyceridemia had a longer requirement of PN compared to the group without elevated triglycerides (TG), probably because of their longer survival (p = 0.001). TG higher than 400 mg/dL was not a protective factor for mortality (OR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.01-1.30). In conclusion, the incidence of hypertriglyceridemia was 37 × 100 patient-days with PN. The risk of this complication is associated with obesity and the use of lopinavir/ritonavir or Propofol.

New approaches in the nutritional treatment of advanced chronic kidney disease. / Nuevo enfoque en el tratamiento nutricional de la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) have a high prevalence of malnutrition. The dietary restrictions that we usually apply in terms of macro and micronutrients force our patients to follow dietary guidelines that deviate from healthy patterns. OBJECTIVES: To determine if a personalized nutritional intervention program, minimizing the usual restrictions would be justified in case it improved the evolution of kidney disease compared to standard treatment. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: To determine changes in nutrient intakes and in anthropometric and biochemical parameters, as well as quantify episodes of hyperkalemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single-center, randomized and controlled educational intervention clinical trial was conduct in patients from the ERCA outpatients clinic at the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. 75 patients were included, assigning 35 to a Control group and 40 to the Intervention group with 1-year follow-up. The nutritional status was determined using anthropometric data, body composition by Bioimpedance, blood and urine biochemical parameters and a 24-h recall questionnaire. The nutritional intervention was carried out in three different ways: individual, collective and telephone recall. RESULTS: At the beginning of the study, the BMI showed a situation of weight excess with a mean of 28.83 kg/m2 (5.4) in men and 26.96 kg/m2 (4.09) in women. 70% of our patients had overweight. The abdominal circumference was 105.3 cm (10.2) and 92.3 cm (13.7) for men and women respectively without significant changes throughout the study. The percentage of fat mass (FM) was high in both groups for men and women throughout the study. We did not find biochemical parameters of malnutrition and only significant differences were observed in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which increased in the intervention group. No patient presented any episodes of hyperkalemia during the study. The energy intake in both groups showed an inadequate distribution of macronutrients with a poor intake of carbohydrates (CH) that was supplemented with an excess of fat. In the case of micronutrients, we did observe an increase in potassium and fiber intakes with a decrease in sodium and phosphorus in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition is not exclusively an intake deficit and encompasses both the problems derived from a deficit and an excess of nutrients intake. Un to 70% of our patients showed weight excess and a fat mass higher than desirable. The implementation of an individualized nutritional education program, including a vegetables and fiber rich diet, less atherogenic, not only did not cause electrolyte alterations but also slowed the progression of kidney disease.

Revisión crítica de los criterios GLIM / A critical review of the GLIM criteria

La desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad es un síndrome frecuente en la práctica clínica, en el que se observa la mutua relación entre enfermedad y desnutrición. Es una forma específica de desnutrición con causas distintas a la pobreza y a problemas sociales que dificultan la distribución de alimentos. La inflamación, la anorexia, los cambios en composición corporal o en requerimientos energéticos y proteicos contribuyen al desarrollo de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad. Esta se asocia a un aumento de morbilidad, mortalidad y gasto económico. Existen numerosas herramientas para identificar a pacientes con riesgo de desnutrición, pero hasta ahora no existía un consenso generalizado sobre los criterios diagnósticos de desnutrición. Los criterios GLIM proporcionan un sistema diagnóstico que ha sido aceptado por las principales sociedades científicas internacionales en el campo de la nutrición clínica. En este artículo describimos su desarrollo, su aplicación en distintas poblaciones de enfermos y su comparación con otros criterios o herramientas diagnósticas diferentes que contribuyen a su validación. Esto permite señalar las ventajas y limitaciones que se han descrito hasta ahora con el uso de los criterios GLIM

Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is a frequent syndrome in clinical practice, in which the mutual relationship between disease and malnutrition is observed. It is a specific form of malnutrition with causes other than poverty and social problems that make it difficult food production and distribution. Inflammation, anorexia, changes in body composition or in energy and protein requirements contribute to the development of DRM. This is associated with an increase in morbidity, mortality and economic expenditure. There are numerous tools to identify patients at risk of malnutrition, but until now there was no general consensus on the diagnostic criteria for malnutrition. The GLIM criteria provide a diagnostic system that has been accepted by the main international scientific societies in the field of clinical nutrition. In this article we describe its development, its application in different populations of patients and its comparison with other criteria or different diagnostic tools that contribute to its validation. This makes it possible to point out the advantages and limitations that have been described so far with the use of the GLIM criteria

[A critical review of the GLIM criteria]. / Revisión crítica de los criterios GLIM.

INTRODUCTION: -Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is a frequent syndrome in clinical practice, in which the mutual relationship between disease and malnutrition is observed. It is a specific form of malnutrition with causes other than poverty and social problems that make it difficult food production and distribution. Inflammation, anorexia, changes in body composition or in energy and protein requirements contribute to the development of DRM. This is associated with an increase in morbidity, mortality and economic expenditure. There are numerous tools to identify patients at risk of malnutrition, but until now there was no general consensus on the diagnostic criteria for malnutrition. The GLIM criteria provide a diagnostic system that has been accepted by the main international scientific societies in the field of clinical nutrition. In this article we describe its development, its application in different populations of patients and its comparison with other criteria or different diagnostic tools that contribute to its validation. This makes it possible to point out the advantages and limitations that have been described so far with the use of the GLIM criteria.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad es un síndrome frecuente en la práctica clínica, en el que se observa la mutua relación entre enfermedad y desnutrición. Es una forma específica de desnutrición con causas distintas a la pobreza y a problemas sociales que dificultan la distribución de alimentos. La inflamación, la anorexia, los cambios en composición corporal o en requerimientos energéticos y proteicos contribuyen al desarrollo de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad. Esta se asocia a un aumento de morbilidad, mortalidad y gasto económico. Existen numerosas herramientas para identificar a pacientes con riesgo de desnutrición, pero hasta ahora no existía un consenso generalizado sobre los criterios diagnósticos de desnutrición. Los criterios GLIM proporcionan un sistema diagnóstico que ha sido aceptado por las principales sociedades científicas internacionales en el campo de la nutrición clínica. En este artículo describimos su desarrollo, su aplicación en distintas poblaciones de enfermos y su comparación con otros criterios o herramientas diagnósticas diferentes que contribuyen a su validación. Esto permite señalar las ventajas y limitaciones que se han descrito hasta ahora con el uso de los criterios GLIM.

Physical exercise and epicardial adipose tissue: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

We performed a meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus (since inception to 1 February 2020) of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of exercise interventions alone (with no concomitant weight loss intervention) on EAT. The standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) and 95% confidence interval between interventions were computed using a random effects model. Ten studies (including 521 participants who had, on average, overweight/obesity) met all inclusion criteria. Interventions were supervised and lasted 2 to 16 weeks (≥3 sessions·per week). Exercise significantly reduced EAT (g = 0.82 [0.57-1.07]) irrespective of the duration of the intervention or the EAT imaging assessment method. Exercise benefits were separately confirmed for endurance (six studies, n = 287; g = 0.83 [0.52-1.15]) but not for resistance exercise training (due to insufficient data for quantitative synthesis). It was not possible to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous training (two studies, one reporting higher benefits with HIIT and the other no differences). Physical exercise interventions-particularly endurance training, with further evidence needed for other exercise modalities-appear as an effective strategy for reducing EAT in individuals with overweight/obesity, which supports their implementation for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Results of a survey on peri-operative nutritional support in pancreatic and biliary surgery in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: a survey on peri-operative nutritional support in pancreatic and biliary surgery among Spanish hospitals in 2007 showed that few surgical groups followed the 2006 ESPEN guidelines. Ten years later we sent a questionnaire to check the current situation. Methods: a questionnaire with 21 items sent to 38 centers, related to fasting time before and after surgery, nutritional screening use and type, time and type of peri-operative nutritional support, and number of procedures. Results: thirty-four institutions responded. The median number of pancreatic resections (head/total) was 29.5 (95% CI: 23.0-35; range, 5-68) (total, 1002); of surgeries for biliary malignancies (non-pancreatic), 9.8 (95% CI: 7.3-12.4; range, 2-30); and of main biliary resections for benign conditions, 10.4 (95% CI: 7.6-13.3; range, 2-33). Before surgery, only 41.2% of the sites used nutritional support (< 50% used any nutritional screening procedure). The mean duration of preoperative fasting for solid foods was 9.3 h (range, 6-24 h); it was 6.6 h for liquids (range, 2-12). Following pancreatic surgery, 29.4% tried to use early oral feeding, but 88.2% of the surveyed teams used some nutritional support; 26.5% of respondents used TPN in 100% of cases. Different percentages of TPN and EN were used in the other centers. In malignant biliary surgery, 22.6% used TPN always, and EN in 19.3% of cases. Conclusions: TPN is the commonest nutrition approach after pancreatic head surgery. Only 29.4% of the units used early oral feeding, and 32.3% used EN; 22.6% used TPN regularly after surgery for malignant biliary tumours. The 2006 ESPEN guideline recommendations are not regularly followed 12 years after their publication in our country.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: realizamos una encuesta sobre soporte nutricional perioperatorio en cirugía pancreática y biliar en hospitales españoles en 2007, que mostró que pocos grupos quirúrgicos seguían las guías de ESPEN 2006. Diez años después enviamos un cuestionario para comprobar la situación actual. Métodos: treinta y ocho centros recibieron un cuestionario con 21 preguntas sobre tiempo de ayunas antes y después de la cirugía, cribado nutricional, duración y tipo de soporte nutricional perioperatorio, y número de procedimientos. Resultados: respondieron 34 grupos. La mediana de pancreatectomías (cabeza/total) fue de 29,5 (IC 95%: 23,0-35; rango, 5-68) (total, 1002), la de cirugías biliares malignas de 9,8 (IC 95%: 7,3-12,4; rango, 2-30) y la de resecciones biliares por patología benigna de 10,4 (IC 95%: 7,6-13,3; rango, 2-33). Solo el 41,2% de los grupos utilizaban soporte nutricional antes de la cirugía (< 50% habian efectuado un cribado nutricional). El tiempo medio de ayuno preoperatorio para sólidos fue de 9,3 h (rango, 6-24 h), y de 6,6 h para líquidos (rango, 2-12). Tras la pancreatectomía, el 29,4% habían intentado administrar una dieta oral precoz, pero el 88,2% de los grupos usaron algún tipo de soporte nutricional y el 26,5% usaron NP en el 100% de los casos. Los demás grupos usaron diferentes porcentajes de NP y NE en sus casos. En la cirugía biliar maligna, el 22,6% utilizaron NP siempre y NE en el 19,3% de los casos. Conclusiones: la NP es el soporte nutricional más utilizado tras la cirugía de cabeza pancreática. Solo el 29,4% de las unidades usan nutrición oral precoz y el 32,3% emplean la NE tras este tipo de cirugía. El 22,6% de las instituciones usan NP habitualmente tras la cirugía de tumores biliares malignos. Las guías ESPEN 2006 no se siguen de forma habitual en nuestro país tras más de 10 años desde su publicación.

Adherencia a la dieta mediterránea: comparación entre pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello y población sana / Adherence to Mediterranean diet: A comparison of patients with head and neck cancer and healthy population

Antecedentes y objetivo: La dieta mediterránea (DM) tradicional se asocia a un menor riesgo de padecer numerosos cánceres. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han analizado la relación de la DM con el riesgo de padecer cáncer de cabeza y cuello (CCyC). Se lleva a cabo un estudio de casos y controles en el que se compara la adherencia a la DM en pacientes diagnosticados de CCyC y población sana. Pacientes y método: Mediante el cuestionario Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS), de 14 ítems, empleado en el estudio PREDIMED, se evalúa el nivel de adherencia a la DM tanto en casos obtenidos de pacientes diagnosticados de CCyC en el hospital 12de Octubre de Madrid, como en controles obtenidos de población sana de un centro de salud del Área, estratificando dicha adherencia en función de la puntuación: baja (≤7puntos), media (8-9puntos) y alta (≥10puntos). Se calcula el odds ratio (OR) para desarrollar CCyC en base a diferentes factores. Resultados: Se analiza una muestra de 168 individuos: 100 controles y 68 casos. El hábito tabáquico (OR: 2,98 [IC95%: 1,44-6,12]; p=0,003) y el consumo de alcohol (OR: 2,72 [IC95%: 1,39-5,33]; p=0,003) demuestran ser factores de riesgo para desarrollar CCyC. Sin embargo, la adherencia media-alta a la DM se asocia a menor riesgo de CCyC (OR: 0,48 [IC95%: 0,20-1,07]; p=0,052). Conclusiones: La adherencia media-alta a la DM se asocia a menor riesgo para desarrollar CCyC

Background and objective: The traditional Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated to a lower risk of suffering multiple tumors. However, few studies have analyzed the relationship between MD and the risk of developing head and neck cancer (HNC). A case-control study comparing adherence to MD was conducted in patients diagnosed with HNC and healthy population. Patients and methods: The level of adherence to MD was assessed using the 14-item MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) questionnaire, used in the PREDIMED study, in patients diagnosed with HNC at 12de Octubre Hospital in Madrid (cases) and in healthy subjects enrolled in a nearby primary health care center (controls). Adherence was stratified based on the score as low (≤7points), medium (8-9points), and high (≥10points). The odds ratio (OR) for developing HNC was estimated based on different factors. Results: A sample of 168 subjects (100 controls and 68 cases) was analyzed. Smoking (OR, 2.98 [95%CI: 1.44-6.12]; P=.003) and alcohol consumption (OR, 2.72 [95%CI: 1.39-5.33], P=.003) were strongly associated to HNC. However, medium-high adherence to MD was associated to a lower risk of developing HNC (OR, 0.48 [95%CI: 0.20-1.07], P=.052). Conclusions: Consistent medium-high adherence to MD contributes to decrease the risk of developing HNC

Nutritional Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a combination of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. Different diagnostic criteria were proposed, but a consensus was reached in 2009 based on values of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glycemia, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. The main underlying etiologic factor is insulin resistance. The quality and quantity of individual macronutrients have an influence on the development and resolution of this syndrome. However, the main treatment goal is weight loss and a decrease in insulin resistance. A controlled energy dietary recommendation, together with moderate levels of physical activity, may positively change the parameters of MetS. However, there is no single dietary or exercise prescription that works for all patients. Dietary patterns such as Mediterranean-style, dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH), low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diets can ameliorate insulin resistance and MetS. Long-term adherence to a healthy lifestyle is key in assuring that individuals significantly reduce the risk of CVD and diabetes mellitus.

Pero, doctor, ¿entonces qué puedo comer? / So doctor, what could I eat then?

Introducción: las estrictas restricciones dietéticas que imponemos en la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada (ERCA) tienen un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida. Objetivo: determinar si estas restricciones están justificadas y si un programa de educación nutricional mejoraría los parámetros de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). Material y métodos: realizamos un ensayo clínico de intervención educativa, unicéntrico, randomizado y controlado en los pacientes de la consulta ERCA de Albacete. Se incluyeron 75 pacientes, 35 en el grupo control y 40 en el de intervención. Se realizó la valoración nutricional mediante valoración global subjetiva (VGS) e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Para medir la CVRS se empleó el cuestionario de salud SF-36. En el grupo intervención se realizó la intervención nutricional individual, colectiva y por recuerdo telefónico, adaptando a cada paciente el consejo dietético y ajustando las restricciones de forma personalizada. Resultados: la malnutrición medida por VGS fue del 20% en el grupo control y del 29,3% en el grupo intervención, donde mejoró aunque no fue significativo. El IMC mostró sobrepeso con una media de 28,83 (DE: 5,4) y 26,96 kg/m2 (DE: 4,09) respectivamente, sin cambios a lo largo del estudio. La intervención nutricional supuso una mejoría en las puntuaciones de todas las subescalas excepto en el dolor corporal. Además, los componentes físico y mental también mejoraron sus puntuaciones en el grupo intervención y empeoraron significativamente (p < 0,001) en el control. Conclusiones: la calidad de vida se puede mejorar en los pacientes con ERCA aplicando un programa de educación nutricional

Introduction: the strict dietary recommendations we impose on patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) have negative impact on quality of life. Objective: determine whether such restrictions are justified and if an educational program can improve health-related quality of life (HRQL) parameters. Methods: we carried out an educational intervention, single center, randomized, controlled clinical trial on ACKD outpatients in Albacete. Seventy-five patients were included, 35 in the control group and 40 in the intervention group. Nutritional assessment was based on the Subjetive Global Assessment (SGA) and body mass index (BMI). We used the SF-36 health questionnaire to measure HRQL. In the intervention group we carried out individual, collective and telephone nutritional interventions, adapting diet advice and restrictions in a personalized way. Results: malnutrition measured by Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in the control group was 20%; meanwhile, in the intervention group it was 29.3% and it improved at the end of the study, but not significantly. BMI showed overweight with a mean of 28.83 kg/m² (DE: 5.4) and 26.96 kg/m² (DE: 4.09), respectively, and did not change throughout the study. The nutritional intervention improved the score in all the subscales except for body pain score. Besides, mental and physical components also improved their scores in the intervention group and worsened them in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: quality of life can be improved in ACKD patients applying an educational nutrition program

Declaración de Cartagena. Declaración Internacional sobre el Derecho al Cuidado Nutricional y la Lucha contra la Malnutrición / Cartagena Declaration. The International Declaration on the Right to Nutritional Care and the Fight against Malnutrition

Frente a la necesidad de promover el derecho al cuidado nutricional, de luchar contra la malnutrición y de avanzar en temas de educación e investigación en nutrición clínica, las sociedades que constituyen la FELANPE firmaron la Declaración Internacional sobre el Derecho al Cuidado Nutricional y la Lucha contra la Malnutrición, "Declaración de Cartagena", el 3 de mayo del presente año en la ciudad de Cartagena, en el marco del 33º Congreso de la Asociación Colombiana de Nutrición Clínica. La Declaración proporciona un marco coherente de 13 principios, los cuales podrán servir de guía a las sociedades afiliadas a la FELANPE en el desarrollo de los planes de acción. Además, servirá como un instrumento para que promuevan, a través de los gobiernos, la formulación de políticas y legislaciones en el campo de la nutrición clínica. Consideramos que el marco general de principios propuesto por la Declaración puede contribuir a crear conciencia acerca de la magnitud de este problema y a forjar redes de cooperación entre los países de la región. Aunque esta Declaración no tiene un efecto jurídico vinculante (obligatorio), tiene una fuerza moral innegable y puede proporcionar orientación práctica a los estados. Un plan de implementación permitirá desarrollar la caja de herramientas necesaria para transformar los principios en acciones

The need to promote the right to nutritional care, to fight against malnutrition and to advance in education and research in clinical nutrition has led all the FELANPE's societies to sign on May 3rd, during the 33rd Congress of the Colombian Clinical Nutrition Association (ACNC) in the city of Cartagena, the International Declaration on the Right to Nutritional Care and the Fight against Malnutrition, "Declaration of Cartagena". The Declaration provides a coherent framework of 13 principles which can serve as a guide for societies, schools and associations affiliated to FELANPE in the development of action plans. In addition, it will serve as an instrument to promote, through governments, the formulation of policies and legislation in the field of clinical nutrition. We believe that the general framework of principles proposed by the Declaration can contribute to raise awareness about the magnitude of this problem and to promote cooperation networks among Latin-American countries. Although this Declaration does not have a binding legal effect, it has an undeniable moral strength and it can provide practical guidance to States. An implementation program will allow developing a toolkit to transform principles into actions